Comprehensive information and links about Marlon Brando

Marlon Brando (April 3, 1924 – July 1, 2004) was an Oscar winning American actor who is widely regarded as one of the greatest film actors of the twentieth century. He brought the techniques of the Stanislavski System of 'method' acting to prominence in the films , combined with his public persona as an outsider uninterested in the Hollywood of the early 1950s, had a profound effect on a generation of actors, including James Dean and Paul Newman, and later stars, including Robert De Niro and Al Pacino.

Youth and early acting career

Brando was born in Omaha, Nebraska. In 1935, when Brando was 11 years old, his parents, Marlon Brando Sr. and Dorothy Pennebaker Brando separated. His mother briefly took her three children to live with her mother in Santa Ana, California until 1937 when the parents reconciled and moved to Libertyville, Illinois, a village north-west of Chicago. The family were of primarily Dutch, Irish and English stock, although the family name originated in Germany (). Brando's mother was a kind and talented woman, although she suffered from alcoholism and was frequently absent in Brando's childhood. She was involved in local theater and helped a young Henry Fonda to begin his own acting career, and fuelled Brando's interest in stage acting. Brando was a gifted mimic from early childhood and developed a rare ability to absorb the tics and mannerisms of people he played and to display those traits dramatically while staying in character. His elder sister, Jocelyn Brando, was also an actress, albeit not of the same stature as Marlon.

Brando had a tumultuous childhood, in which he was expelled from several schools. His father was largely critical of his son, but encouraged him to seek his own direction. Brando left Illinois for New York City, where he studied at the American Theatre Wing Professional School, New School Dramatic Workshop, and the Actors' Studio. It was at the New School's Dramatic Workshop that he studied with Stella Adler and learned the revolutionary techniques of the Stanislavski System.

Brando used his Stanislavski System skills in summer-stock roles in Sayville, New York. His behavior got him kicked out of the cast of the New School's production in Sayville, but he was discovered in a locally produced play there and then made it to Broadway in the bittersweet drama, , in 1944. Critics voted him "Broadway's Most Promising Actor" for his role as an anguished, paraplegic veteran in , although the play was a commercial failure. He achieved real stardom, however, as Stanley Kowalski in Tennessee Williams' play in 1947, directed by Elia Kazan. Brando sought out that role, driving out to Provincetown, Massachusetts where Williams was spending the summer to audition for the part. Williams recalled that he opened the screen door and knew, instantly, that he had his Stanley Kowalski.

in 1950. True to his method, Brando spent a month in bed at a veterans' hospital to prepare for the role.

He made a much larger impression the following year when he brought his performance as Stanley Kowalski to the screen in Kazan's adaptation of "Streetcar" in 1951. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for that role, and again in each of the next three years for his roles in . Under Kazan's direction, and with a talented ensemble around him, Brando used his Stanislavski System training and improvisational skills. Brando claimed that he had improvised much of his dialogue with Rod Steiger in the famous, much-quoted scene ("I could have been a contender.") with him in the back of a taxicab (Kazan disputed this).

Brando followed that triumph by a variety of roles in the 1950s that defied expectations: as Sky Masterson in , where he managed to carry off a singing role; as Sakini, a Japanese interpreter for the U.S. Army in postwar Japan in , his acting had lost much of its energy and direction by the end of the 1950s.

Brando's star sank even further in the 1960s as he turned in increasingly uninspired performances in and several other forgettable films. Though even at this professional low point, Brando still managed to produce a few exceptional films; such as (1969) which Brando would later claim as his personal favourite, although a commercial failure. Nonetheless, his career had gone into almost complete eclipse by the end of the decade thanks to his reputation as a difficult star and his record in overbudget or marginal movies.

in 1972 changed this. Director Francis Ford Coppola convinced Brando to submit to a "make-up" test, in which he (Brando) did his own makeup. Francis Ford Coppola was electrified by Brando's characterization as the head of a crime family, but had to fight the studio in order to cast him. Brando was voted the Academy Award for Best Actor for his intelligent performance; once again, he improvised important details that lent more humanity to what could otherwise have been a clichéd role.

Brando turned down the Academy Award, the second actor to refuse an Oscar (the first being George C. Scott for Patton.) Brando boycotted the award ceremony, sending little-known Native American actress Sacheen Littlefeather (nee Maria Cruz) to state his objections. The actor followed with one of his greatest performances in , but it was overshadowed by an uproar over the erotic nature of the Bernardo Bertolucci film. Despite the controversies which attended both the film and the man, the Academy once again nominated Brando for the Best Actor.

beforehand and his lines would be displayed somewhere offscreen. Other later performances, such as , earned him some of his most uncomplimentary reviews of his career. Despite announcing plans to retire—which he made good on for most of the 1980s—he subsequently gave interesting supporting performances in movies such as

Along with his romances and marriages, Brando's crusades for civil rights, the Native American rights, and other political causes, kept him in the public eye throughout his career. He married actress Anna Kashfi in 1957, mistakenly believing her to be of Asian Indian descent when she was in fact from Wales and of Irish Catholic extraction (her real name was Joan O'Callaghan). O'Callaghan didn't discourage Brando's mistake; in fact, she dressed and made herself up as an Indian beauty after learning that Brando gravitated toward exotic women. They divorced in 1959, after having one son, Christian Brando together.

In 1960 Brando married a Mexican actress 7 years his senior, Maria "Movita" Castaneda, who had appeared in the in 1962, with Brando as Fletcher Christian, seemed to bolster his reputation as a difficult star. He was blamed for a change in directors and a runaway budget though he disclaimed responsibility for either.

The "Bounty" experience affected Brando's life in a profound way: he fell in love with Tahiti and its people. He took a 99-year lease on part of an atoll island, Tetiaroa, which he intended to make part-environmental laboratory and part-resort. Tahitian beauty Tarita Teriipia, who had appeared in the film as Fletcher Christian's love interest, became his third wife after he and Castaneda were divorced. Teriipia became the mother of three of his children (one of whom died, see below). The hotel on Tetiaroa was eventually built; it went through many redesigns due to changes demanded by Brando over the years, but is now closed. A new hotel consisting of 30 deluxe villas is due to open in 2008.

In June 1973, Brando broke paparazzo Ron Galella's jaw. Brando's hand became infected as a result. In the following year, Galella wore a football helmet when snapping photos of Brando.

In his 1976 biography "The Only Contender" by Gary Carey, Brando was quoted as saying, "Like a large number of men, I, too, have had homosexual experiences, and I am not ashamed." Photographs circulate on the Internet that appear to confirm this. A 2006 book alleges affairs with Rock Hudson and Cary Grant.

An alleged long time lover of Brando's was the actor Wally Cox. Brando is quoted as saying: "If Wally had been a woman, I would have married him and we would have lived happily ever after." span After Cox died in 1973, Brando kept his ashes for 30 years, and they were eventually scattered with his own. Cox's third wife only discovered he possessed them after reading an interview in Time magazine where Brando is quoted as saying: "I have Wally's ashes in my house. I talk to him all the time." She wanted to sue, but her lawyers would not accept the case.span

All three of Brando's wives were pregnant when he married them. The number of children he had is still in dispute, although he recognized 11 children in his will; they were (ages as given in 2005):

In May 1990, Brando's first son, Christian, shot and killed Dag Drollet, 26, the Tahitian lover of Christian's half-sister Cheyenne, at the family's hilltop home above Beverly Hills. Christian, 31, claimed the shooting was accidental.

After a heavily publicized trial, Christian was found guilty of voluntary manslaughter and use of a gun. He was sentenced to 10 years. Before the sentencing, Marlon Brando delivered an hour of rambling testimony in which he said he and his ex-wife had failed Christian. He commented softly to members of the Drollet family: "I'm sorry. ... If I could trade places with Dag, I would. I'm prepared for the consequences."

Afterward, Drollet's father said he thought Marlon Brando was acting and his son was "getting away with murder."

The tragedy was compounded in 1995, when Cheyenne, said to still be depressed over Drollet's death, committed suicide by hanging herself in Tahiti. She was only 25 years old.

Brando's notoriety, his family's troubled lives, his self-exile from Hollywood, and his obesity, unfortunately attracted more attention than his late acting career. He also earned a reputation for being difficult on the set, often unwilling or unable to memorize his lines and less interested in taking direction than in confronting the film director with odd and childish demands. On the other hand, most other actors found him generous, funny and supportive. Although more and more reclusive in his declining years, Brando was by nature a casual and friendly man. Occasionally, the public would observe the gargantuan Brando stop by Will Wright's ice cream parlor, enjoying his treat seated on two chairs he had pushed together.

The actor was a long-time close friend of the entertainer Michael Jackson and paid regular visits to his Neverland Ranch, resting there for weeks. Brando also participated in the singer's solo career 30th anniversary celebration concerts in 2001, as well as starring in his 15 minutes long music video "You Rock My World", the same year. The actor's son, Miko, was Jackson's guard for several years, and is also a friend of the singer.

On July 1, 2004, at 6:30 PM local time, Brando died at the age of 80. The cause of his death was intentionally withheld, with his lawyer citing privacy concerns. It was later revealed that he died at UCLA Medical Center of lung failure brought on by pulmonary fibrosis. He had also been suffering from congestive heart failure and diabetes, which was causing his eyesight to fail, and had also recently been diagnosed with liver cancer.

Controversy

The infamous Playboy Magazine interview of Jan. 1979, Brando was charged with anti-Semitism in regard to his unfavorable opinion on Jewish influence in Hollywood. "You've seen every single race besmirched, but you never saw an unfavorable image of the Kike because the Jews were ever so watchful for that. They never allowed it to be shown on screen." Brando generally kept his views to himself and withdrew from the public eye in later life. Brando portrayed George Lincoln Rockwell, the American Nazi Party leader, in the episode in which Rockwell gave an interview to Alex Haley; ironically, also for Playboy magazine. .

Despite his later obesity Brando would diet, run and lift weights to keep in shape in his early to mid career. He started to lift weights while in high school., Brando was paid $3.7 million, plus 16.86% of the gross. The film made $300 million worldwide, making his earnings $14 million for 12 days work. was always listed as 5'10". However, many people believe he was closer to 5'8", and in later films at least he was known to wear elevator shoes.Brando was paid $1 million to appear briefly at the Michael Jackson 30th Anniversary concert a few days before the 9Brando is mentioned in the song "Pocahontas" by Neil Young, "China Girl" by David Bowie, "We Didn't Start the Fire" by Billy Joel, "Vogue" by Madonna and "Advertising Space" by Robbie WilliamsFrank Sinatra loathed the non-singing Brando for getting the starring role in Guys and Dolls, whereas Frank got a lesser part. Frank's nickname for the sometimes barely coherent Brando was "Mumbles." Patricia Cox Shapiro, quoted in "The Wild One and the Mild One" by Robert W. Welkos, Los Angeles Times, 24 Oct 2004